黄土丘陵区不同降雨强度对农地土壤侵蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法，对仪器自身性能进行了测试，并分设5种不同的降雨强度分别研究半干旱区林地、草地、人工草地和耕地的产流产沙特征。模拟天然降雨最大雨强5．05mm／min，雨量118．2～300．3mm／h；雨滴落地速度、雨滴动能等降雨特征值与天然降雨特征值是一致的；不同立地条件下径流量、侵蚀模数随雨强的增加而增加，并与降雨强度呈指数函数或幂函数关系。     

DQSY型模拟降雨装置研制通报

 在分析、借鉴国内外研制经验的基础上,研制单喷头曲面设计、双层喷射变雨强弹簧调节的野外模拟降雨喷头,实现了以单喷头替代多喷头组合式模拟降雨装置,并达到同样模拟降雨效果。由于喷头采用曲面设计,确保喷射水舌有规律地变化;模拟雨滴动能接近于天然降雨动能;模拟降雨过程均匀;喷射面积稳定。实测证明:雨滴中数直径为0.574.26mm,降雨均匀系数≥0.8（±0.05）,降雨面积为150 m2,模拟降雨强度为30～240 mm/h。     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

Herbage utilisation efficiency of continuously stocked pastures during periods of restricted pasture growth

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the defoliation patterns of individual tillers, efficiency of herbage utilisation, and forage production in continuously stocked Brachiaria humidicola cv. Comum swards during periods of the year of restricted pasture growth. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa, Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, from April to October 2012. Treatments consisted of two grazing management strategies, defined by two ranges of sward height (10–15 and 20–25 cm) managed under continuous and variable stocking rates. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomised block design with three replications. During periods of resource constraints, grazing management strategies based on ‘steady state’ sward heights did not alter defoliation patterns, herbage utilisation efficiency (HUE), and forage production in Brachiaria humidicola swards under a continuous stocking method. A direct implication of our results is that grazing management strategies during the driest and coldest periods of the year in the tropics should be developed based on the conditions most suitable for better promoting faster pasture recovery and a return to production in the following spring; it is unlikely that any grazing management strategy would be successful in increasing herbage production and/or HUE in periods of restricted pasture growth.     

堆渣边坡生态棒护坡措施的水土保持效益

[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。     

降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响

选用黄土高原地区的安塞黄绵土、绥德黄绵土、杨陵粘黄土、杨陵农地耕层土进行人工降雨溅蚀试验 ,研究了降雨特性和土壤结构对雨滴溅蚀的影响。结果表明 :土壤溅蚀量与降雨强度相关关系的最佳函数为指数函数 ;将降雨动能与雨滴中数直径的乘积 ( Ed50 )定义为降雨溅蚀力 ,降雨溅蚀力与溅蚀量呈线性相关关系。降雨溅蚀力是降雨潜在溅蚀能力的反映 ,对溅蚀降雨侵蚀力因子的研究有一定参考价值 ;溅蚀总量随降雨历时的增加而增加 ,而溅蚀率则随降雨历时的增加而减小 ,其变化过程可用幂函数描述 ;原状土的溅蚀量仅为其扰动土溅蚀量的2 2 %～ 3 0 % ,随降雨强度增大 ,雨滴打击力对土壤结构的破坏作用增强 ,使原状土与扰动土溅蚀量间的差异缩小。     

1980～2002年中国农地利用变化的时序特征

该文依托1980～2002年的全国农产品成本收益资料与中国农业统计年鉴等基础资料，以农地利用过程中的主要农作物为例，对农地利用过程中集约度、播种面积与耕地撂荒变化的时序特征及其驱动因素进行了研究。结果表明：近20多年来，中国农地利用的集约度与总播种面积均有不断提高与扩大的总体趋势，但在扩大过程中却有三次显著下降变化，在集约度下降时期(1984～1986年、1992～1993年、1997～1999年)，农作物播种面积明显缩小，农地弃耕撂荒现象开始显著增加；导致这些变化的根本原因同农地利用过程中成本要求与土地要素纯收益的变化密切相关，但在时间响应上，由于农户要经过一个“观望-权衡-行动”的响应过程，从而往往滞后1～3年。     

北京地区不同设计暴雨强度下凹式绿地的减流效果

[目的]研究不同汇水面积的周边外来雨水径流,计算绿地产流过程的动态径流系数以及对径流的削减率。[方法]采用人工模拟的下凹式绿地,模拟绿地的不同暴雨强度。[结果](1)30%下凹式绿地面积比基本可以拦蓄3年,5年一遇暴雨,稳定后径流系数在0.30以下;(2)下凹式绿地面积比为20%时,雨水口高8cm和5cm时对3年,5年一遇暴雨产生的径流削减率均在40%以上,稳定后的径流系数均在0.90以上,且两种雨水口高度下的削减率差异不明显,相比之下5cm雨水口高度设计较8cm更为合理;(3)绿地的产流速率变化过程曲线呈"几"字形,汇水面积越大、暴雨强度越大,产流速率稳定时的峰值就越大,产流历时也越长。[结论]下凹式绿地对暴雨条件下产生的径流有很好的削减作用,其所占面积比越大,削减效果越好。     

高氧处理对冬枣货架期呼吸强度及品质变化的影响

该文研究了-2℃低温下用70％O₂、100％O₂分别处理冬枣7 d、15 d后，在20℃货架期期间果实的呼吸强度和品质变化。研究结果表明，70％O₂＋7 d处理促进了冬枣货架期呼吸强度的升高，100％O₂＋15 d处理能极显著抑制冬枣的呼吸强度。70％O₂处理7 d和15 d，或100％O₂处理15 d有利于冬枣果实货架期硬度的保持，但对可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的变化没有明显影响。100％O₂处理7 d和15 d均有利于Vc的保持，而70％O₂处理则促进了Vc的降解。高氧处理抑制了PPO活性的上升，100％O₂处理的效果更加明显。高氧处理15 d对抑制冬枣货架期腐烂有一定作用，但抑制效果仍不理想。总体来看，在低温下用100％O₂处理15 d，有利于提高冬枣果实在货架期期间的保鲜效果。